This paper published in the medical journal Menopause International touches on the huge topic of thyroid dysfunction before, during and after menopause. As the author states, “Thyroid dysfunction is common, especially among women over the age of 50. In caring for peri- and post-menopausal women, it is important to recognize the changing clinical manifestations of thyroid disease with age.” Subclinical hypo and hyperthyroidism (thyroid dysfunction in the presence of normal TSH levels), an extremely important topic that you will see more about here, is noted in particular. The author notes, “…caution is required in diagnosing and treating thyroid dysfunction in women who are taking oral estrogens or selective estrogen receptor modulators.” The functional approach that fully examines and treats the two dozen underlying patterns of thyroid dysfunction with appropriate tests and therapies is far more extensive than indicated here. See Dr. Kharrazian’s book for an overview for the layperson.