As the authors of this paper published in the journal Minerva Ginecologica state:

“In the past coeliac disease, or intolerance to gluten, has been considered a rare disease in infancy, whose most important signs were chronic diarrhea with malabsorption and reduced growth. However, besides this classical form, there are a number of other clinical and subclinical forms which may appear even in the adult life and without any overt intestinal sign.”

The authors defined their objective:

“The aim of the present paper is to describe and evaluate the effects of coeliac disease on female reproduction. Such effects include delayed menarche, amenorrhea, infertility and early menopause.”

In addition, they noted that…

“Epidemiological studies show that besides reduced fertility, affected women are at higher risk of reproductive problems such as pregnancy loss, low birthweight of offspring and reduced duration of breastfeeding…the possible prevention or treatment of the reproductive effects is only the lifelong maintenance of a gluten-free diet.”

Another paper published in the Journal of Reproductive Medicine reports on a case that highlights the link between gluten sensitivity and amenorrhea. The authors’ conclusion:

“Celiac disease should be considered in patients presenting with malnutrition and primary amenorrhea.”

This was followed by a much more extensive study published recently in the same journal. The authors summarize an extensive body of literature on the subject:

“In women, this disease (celiac, gluten sensitivity) may have implications on menstrual and reproductive health. The symptom complex includes delayed menarche, early menopause, secondary amenorrhea, infertility, recurrent miscarriages and intrauterine growth restriction. These women benefit from early diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, celiac disease should be considered and screening tests performed on women presenting with menstrual and reproductive problems and treated accordingly.”

They offer an exhortation to doctors in their conclusion:

“Evidence in the literature suggests that celiac disease should be suspected in females with menstrual abnormalities, infertility and adverse pregnancy outcome. All health care providers should be aware of these diverse manifestations of the disease. Treating the disease has a benefit and may lead to prevention of symptoms and improvement in the quality of life…It is challenging to identify women with silent celiac disease and treat them with a gluten-free diet and nutrient supplements, which may lead to prevention of menstrual and other reproductive dysfunction.”

Another paper published in the journal Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation focuses on the impact of gluten sensitivity on the reproductive cycle, fertility, pregnancy, and menopause. The authors explain that…

“Celiac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy) may manifest clinically with an array of nongastrointestinal symptoms among which are: dermatitis herpetiformis; dementia; depression; various neurological symptoms; osteoporosis; osteomalacia; dental enamel defects, and anemia of various types. Important data have accumulated in recent years regarding the association between celiac disease, fertility and pregnancy. Many primary care obstetricians and gynecologists and perinatologists are not aware of these important relationships.”

What does the scientific evidence establish?

“Review of the literature reveals that patients with untreated celiac disease sustain a significantly delayed menarche, earlier menopause, and an increased prevalence of secondary amenorrhea. Patients with untreated celiac disease incur higher miscarriage rates, increased fetal growth restriction, and lower birth weights.”

An interesting paper that dramatically shows the difference between adhering and not adhering to a gluten free diet for female reproductive health was published in the Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology:

“This study shows a broad analysis of gynaecological and obstetrical disturbances in patients with celiac disease in relation to their nutritional status and adherence to a gluten-free diet.”

In their investigation the authors analyzed data on adults and children/adolescents with gluten sensitivity, taking into consideration nutritional status and gluten-free diet adherence, and compared them to adults and adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome (not due to gluten) as a control group. What did the data show?

“…adult celiac patients, irrespective of the nutritional status…presented delayed menarche, secondary amenorrhea, a higher percentage of spontaneous abortions, anemia and hypoalbuminemia…After treatment, patients presented with normal pregnancies and one patient presented spontaneous abortion. The adolescents who were not adherent to gluten-free diet presented delayed menarche and secondary amenorrhea.”

They state what should by now be obvious in their conclusion:

“Therefore, celiac disease should be included in the screening of reproductive disorders.”

Important: gluten sensitivity without celiac manifestations (1) must be treated the same way as celiac disease and (2) cannot be diagnosed by the usual celiac tests for tissue transglutaminase antibodies, etc. Antibody levels, including anti-gliadin (gluten) antibodies, can fluctuate for a number of reasons resulting in false negatives. The gluten gene sensitivity test can be relied on for a dependable result. This post could go on at great length but the message is clear: for female reproductive disorders gluten sensitivity must be considered as a possible contributing cause.

Men: you are not immune. I am finding gluten sensitivity to be a common cause of low testosterone levels (hypogonadia).

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